
| 09/01/2026
How to Compare Two-Party Secure Messaging Protocols: A Quest for A More Efficient and Secure Post-Quantum Protocol
Recent efforts to transition secure messaging to post-quantum standards, like Apple’s PQ3 and Signal’s updated Triple Ratchet, have introduced complex design trade-offs due to the high communication overhead of post-quantum cryptography. This paper introduces a pragmatic metric and experimental framework to compare these protocols, revealing that no "optimal" protocol exists when balancing security against real-world bandwidth constraints. Additionally, the authors propose a new optimization called "opportunistic sending" and a building block termed "sparse continuous key agreement" to improve protocol efficiency.